"vers l'incalculable d'une autre pensée de la vie"

Author: Biostudies Society Page 23 of 26

Samuel Johnson: Vies des poètes anglais de Denis Bonnecase et Pierre Morère

Revue de Joanny Moulin
(Aix-Marseille Université, LERMA, EA 853)

Samuel Johnson
Vies des poètes anglais
Choix de textes, traduction et présentation de Denis Bonnecase et Pierre Morère
Paris : Librairie du Sandre, 2015
ISBN : 9 782 358 211 086
652 pages
39 €

 

johnsonAvec cette remarquable traduction d’un choix de dix-neuf des cinquante-deux essais biographiques regroupés dans les six volumes des Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, dont la première édition complète parut pour la première fois en 1781, Denis Bonnecase et Pierre Morère comblent en partie une lacune séculaire. En effet, les lecteurs francophones attendaient une nouvelle traduction des Vies de Johnson depuis 1823, année de parution de la version de Didot et Mahon, aujourd’hui presque introuvable : Vies des poètes anglais les plus célèbres, avec des observations critiques sur leurs ouvrages (Éditions Didot, réédité en 1843 par la Librairie Lebailly).‎ C’était une gageure que de traduire en français moderne ces textes canoniques de la littérature anglaise du XVIIIe siècle : le résultat est un travail d’orfèvres, qui rend le discours de Samuel Johnson d’une manière si vivante qu’il nous apparaît soudain comme quelque auteur français oublié ; de même, les citations de poèmes par lesquelles le biographe illustre et étaie son propos, traduites en vers dans un style si « accordé musicalement » que la limpidité en est saisissante. Bonnecase et Morère mettent en pratique ce que Johnson appelait le refacimento : « le renouvellement d’auteurs anciens par la modernisation de leur langue ». « Traduire, en effet, c’est, par le truchement de l’altérité d’une langue étrangère, solliciter la richesse et l’étendue de la langue nationale » : ces traducteurs-là savent de quoi ils parlent. Avec une légèreté de bon aloi qui doit tout à la tradition des Belles-lettres, de brèves notes de bas de page apportent juste ce qu’il faut d’érudition pour éclairer ici un nom oublié, là un fait de langue anglaise ou une référence que le temps a rendue allusive. Loin que ce soit seulement une affaire de langue, dans leur introduction Bonnecase et Morère adoptent et éclairent la méthode qui fut celle de Johnson dans ces Vies, initialement conçues comme des préfaces à des éditions des œuvres des poètes anglais. « Si Johnson s’emploie à ce point à brosser le portrait de l’homme avant de s’intéresser à son œuvre, c’est bien que vie et œuvre sont intimement liées, et surtout que l’on devient poète par une disposition intérieure, le plus souvent révélée par accident, que la vie pour ainsi dire actualise ». C’est donc une vie de Johnson à la manière des Vies de Johnson qu’ils nous proposent là, pratiquant comme lui ce qu’ils appellent « une manière de critique génétique », par une méthode « organique », visant à montrer comment « l’œuvre est tributaire de la vie, laquelle est tributaire de l’histoire et de la société, mais aussi des lectures qui ont été faites et des rencontres (parfois de hasard) qui sont survenues ». Ils retrouvent ainsi avec bonheur une méthodologie de la science littéraire qui redécouvre l’importance de l’auteur, de son intentionnalité, mais aussi du lecteur : ce « common reader » qu’ils traduisent par le « commun des lecteurs », un « archi-lecteur » caractérisé par un sens commun (common sense) à mi-chemin des intoxications de l’imagination en « folle du logis » et de la conventionalité morte du Grand Dire. De là cette mise en évidence de ce que la méthode biographique de Johnson est avant tout une méthode critique : en la revisitant de façon si probante, Bonnecase et Morère mettent incidemment en évidence que la biographie, comme la critique, sont deux genres littéraires qui, pour avoir été quelque temps boudés sous l’effet de la « théorie » triomphante, rentrent aujourd’hui en scène sous des auspices d’autant plus prometteurs que, à l’instar de Samuel Johnson dans sa jeunesse impécunieuse, ils ont trop longtemps été privés de reconnaissance. Avec son indépendance bourrue, Johnson ose critiquer le Lycidas de Milton (qu’il adule comme auteur du Paradis perdu, bien qu’à ses yeux le mystère de la foi soit un sujet trop grand pour la poésie) et les poètes métaphysiques pour l’artificialité de leur formalisme, parce que pour lui l’artiste se doit de ressentir l’émotion qu’il exprime, mais aussi Alexander Pope, bien qu’il l’admire, au motif que dans sa définition du wit il ne voit pas assez bien que ce doit être non un simple bonheur d’expression, mais au contraire un génial instrument de découverte. Ainsi, la critique « prudentielle » de Johnson préfigure l’énergie intérieure que célébreront William Hazlitt et les romantiques, et l’idée de la poésie comme « critique de la vie », comme le dira plus tard Matthew Arnold, mais aussi de façon plus lointaine la critique biographique d’un Sainte-Beuve et l’évolutionnisme littéraire d’un Brunetière. Par l’importance qu’il accorde à « l’anecdote révélatrice », et à ces moments d’hapax existentiel ou de kairos dans la vie des poètes, Johnson jette un pont de longue portée entre le « détail significatif » de Plutarque et le « fait créatif » de Virginia Woolf. Parachevant l’émancipation de la biographie par rapport à l’hagiographie qu’avait entamée Izaak Walton au XVIIe siècle, Samuel Johnson, à la fois comme écrivain et comme sujet de son premier biographe James Boswell, apparaît ici comme un maillon clé dans la lente évolution de la biographie, dont l’étude revêt une importance de premier plan au moment présent de l’histoire de la littérature où la biographie émerge enfin comme un genre littéraire à part entière. Ces Vies des poètes anglais traduites et présentées par Bonnecase et Morère sont un ouvrage doublement important : non seulement par la pertinence de l’étude critique qui les introduit pour la théorie de la biographie, mais aussi par ce que ce beau livre rend enfin l’œuvre de Johnson brillamment visible aux yeux du commun des lecteurs en langue française.

Joanny Moulin (Aix-Marseille Université, LERMA, EA 853)

Book Review: Towards a Poetics of Literary Biography by Michael Benton

Reviewed by Joanny Moulin 

Michael Benton.
Towards a Poetics of Literary Biography.
Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
192 pages. 67,20€.
ISBN-10: 1137549572. ISBN-13: 978-1137549570.
E-book ASIN: B015YB0HQQ. 

Benton_Towards a poetics

In Towards a Poetics of Literary Biography Michael Benton, Emeritus
Professor of Education at the University of Southampton (UK), elaborates on the themes of his earlier Literary Biography: An Introduction (Wiley Blackwell, 2009), of which a new edition comes out at the same time. Whereas in the previous monograph the theoretical discourse was chiefly summed up in the introduction, whereupon there followed a sequence of case studies grouped in twelve chapters, in Towards a Poetics of Literary Biography the theoretical remarks and the illustrative examples are blended together, in an amply documented analytical survey of remarkable twentieth-century British biographies, with some excursions into the nineteenth century, especially to illustrate the notion of “comparative biography”, defined by Richard Holmes as examining “the handling of one subject by a number of different biographers, and over different historical periods”. In both his books on literary biography ­­­­— i. e. biographies of writers, and not what he calls “aesthetic” biography as opposed to “documentary” or “efferent” biography (the terms are borrowed from L. Rosenblatt’s 1978 essay The Reader, The Text, The Poem: The Transactional Theory of the Literary Work)—, Benton’s chief postulate is that biography is characterized by “a generic dualism”, or in other words that biography is a hybrid of historiography and fiction, “grafting together the literary and the historical”. What Benton used to call the “twofoldness” of biography is now supplemented by the new concept of “bifocalism”: a term which “reflects the truism that, when looking at the past through the lens of the present, the process of recreating the ‘lives and times’ of the subject contains both the ‘now’ and the ‘then’, a paradox caught in the idea of the ‘contemporary’. For the biographer is engaged in a double act — in reinterpreting the life in order to represent it for a contemporary readership and, at the same time, trying to capture a portrait of the subject in period context, as a figure of the time as might have been seen by his or her contemporaries”. In an effort to examine the adaptability to biography of Genette’s conceptual tools of “histoire” (“story”) and “récit” (“text”) in Narrative Discourse, Benton concludes that “the biographer is more constrained than the novelist in handling time, in terms of order, duration and pace of narration, because “the given pattern of the life remains inscribed in the biography and cannot be changed without distorting the story”. This postulate of “the given pattern of the life” is likely to raise some eyebrows, as well as some other assertions, as for instance that “narration in biography is done by the actual writer — there being no fictional narrator, either dramatized or covert”, or that “biography seems uninterested in questioning the principles of composition upon which it is based”. However, Benton’s new book opens very interesting directions for research in biography theory, especially insofar as it points out the importance of the reception of biography. For instance, reflecting on Hayden White’s theses, Benton asks: “how far are structural models from literature responsible for the interpretations we make in biography?” His most thought-provoking considerations appear in the last chapter, “Framing a Poetics of Literary Biography”, where he sums up the theoretical contents of his books, and further elaborates upon the “narrative strategies” of biographers. Precisely because of its characteristic “tension between literary rhetoric and historical method”, Benton says as he draws to his conclusion, biography is “a literary genre that offers subtle and sophisticated reading lessons”. On the whole, Michael Benton’s Towards a Poetics of Literary Biography is interesting primarily because it brilliantly tackles the texts of many noteworthy biographers, doing them the rare, but highly deserved favour to analyse their writings as literary texts, thus contributing to giving biography as a genre some lettres de noblesse. From the theoretical point of view, although Benton’s book unassumingly limits its scope to “literary biography”, it holds in store several seminal insights toward a general theory of biography.

Joanny Moulin
Aix-Marseille University

Biography beyond Borders: Colloquium on American and European Biography- Nov. 2016

Save the date5th NOVEMBER 2016

In collaboration with the Oxford Centre for Life-Writing at Oxford, housed at Wolfson College and directed by Professor Dame Hermione Lee, BIO will host a Colloquium on American and European Biography, to be held on November 5 2016.

Preliminary plans include an elegant reception to be held in London on the evening of 4 November; travel by train to Oxford on the morning of the 5th, and a day devoted to panel discussion of significant differences (and some similarities) between American and European biography. A lunch-time discussion will feature a top American and a top European biographer exploring the question of how we can push the boundaries of the purposes and meaning of biography, and how American and European perspectives might differ in doing so. The colloquium will conclude with a reception at Wolfson College.

Full details of the cost of housing and conference fees will soon be announced. Wolfson is an elegant, modern college with excellent conference facilities, including eighty en-suite bedrooms. (https://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/oclw)

For those who are interested, a BIO group will be spending Thursday night, November 3, at a Victorian Bed and Breakfast in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, run by a key former staff member in the Royal household who also offers specially guided tours of the area.

If you are interested in being part of this exciting collaboration between OCLW and BIO (either as a participant on a panel or as a member of the group), please contact either Deirdre David (ddavid@temple.edu) or Will Swift (drwswift@gmail.comto indicate your desire to learn more information.

Biofiction

by Joanny Moulin
Aix-Marseille Université

We are witnessing the rise of ‘fictional biographies’, or ‘biographical fictions’, which Alain Buisine has conceptualized by coining the word ‘biofiction’, in a 1991 article in the Revue des sciences humaines (vol. 4, n° 224, 1991). In his 1941 essay “Epic and the Novel”, Mikhail Bakhtin described what he called the phenomenon of “novelization” of other literary genres. Today, as if by some quirk of literary history the wheel had finally come full circle, the novel seems to undergo a ‘biographization’, and literary science, now extremely well armed — and perhaps over-armed — to analyze the novel as the fictional genre par excellence, finds itself grappling for adequate methodological tools, in the absence of a fully-fledged theory of biography. The examples of biofiction in contemporary literature are so many that it is hard to know where to start or which to pick. No doubt as a sign of the times, the 2014 Prix Goncourt was awarded to Lydie Salvayre for Pas Pleurer, a biofiction where she relates the life of her own mother during the Spanish War, and the Renaudot went to David Foenkinos for Charlotte, a verse-biofiction of Jewish painter Charlotte Salomon, murdered in Auschwitz in 1943, at the age of twenty-six. The 2015 Renaudot and Goncourt des lycéens awards winner is Delphine Le Vigan, for D’après une histoire vraie, a novel staging a fiction writer turning to non-fiction to overcome her blank page syndrome.

If one was to select, with heartrending arbitrariness, only two remarkable examples, one in Britain and one in France, perhaps it would not be unwise to mention William Boyd’s Any Human Heart: The Intimate Journals of Logan Mountstuart (2002), and Benjamin Jordane, L’Apprentissage du roman (1993). Any Human Heart presents itself as the diary of Logan Mountstuart (1906-1991), a fictitious writer, which whom Boyd follows up on the hoax biography of an American artist in The New Confessions. In his peregrination, Mountstuart meets and interact with both fictional and real-life characters, famous writers and other celebrities. The pleasure one derives reading this biofiction, brilliantly demonstrating the compatibility of the two modes of reading, is the same as with a conventional novel, redoubled by a challenge comparable to the one exerted by a biography, as the reader’s appetite keeps being whetted by the outside-text historical references.

L’Apprentissage du roman is a different case, for Benjamin Jordane is a fictitious author, invented by Jean-Benoît Puech, who went so far as to co-edit with (fictitious) Yves Savigny an anthology of biographical essays (by real and invented authors) on Jordane in 2008. The story behind Jordane’s L’Apprentissage du roman is worth summing up. Puech, born in 1947, was twenty-one in 1968, the year of ‘The Death of the Author’. He was an admirer of Louis-René des Forêts (1916-2000), a friend of Raymond Quenaud, lionized by the formalist Young Turks of the journal Tel Quel. In spite of all the Nouvelle critique dogmas he was being taught, Puech wanted to meet des Forêts in flesh and blood, and he did so, and wrote a diary about their conversations and correspondence. When Puech asked permission to published this diary, allegedly in 1989, Louis-René des Forêts adamantly refused to grant it. So he started changing all the names to get round the interdiction, including his own, and chose the first name of Jacob’s younger son, Benjamin, and an equally biblical family name. Only seven years later did he blow the hoax, publishing the original version of the diary under his own name as Louis-René des Forêts, roman (2000) on the year of Louis-René des Forêts’s death. Puech’s other invented author, Yves Savigny, published in 2010 Une biographie autorisée. Jean-Benoît Puech says: ‘Savigny becomes my biographer, he becomes for me what I have been for Jordane’ (in Les nouvelles écritures biographiques, eds R. Dion & F. Regard, 2013).

Reviews of John Aubrey: My Own Life by Ruth Scurr

Ruth Scurr

The TLS has released its Books of the Year list for 2015, which includes Ruth Scurr’s John Aubrey: My own life (Chatto). Here is William Boyd’s note on the book:

Fiction has always happily pillaged and cannibalized all the various formats of non-fiction for its own ends. Any expropriation in the opposite direction is less obvious and more subtle, though, as Donald Rayfield sagely remarked in his introduction to his magisterial biography of Chekhov, all biography is, in essence, “fiction, but fiction that has to fit the documented facts”. This year saw one of the most audacious biographies I can remember reading: Ruth Scurr’s John Aubrey: My own life(Chatto). It is in fact biography skilfully reimagined as an “autobiography” in the form of a notional diary made up almost entirely of Aubrey’s own words. What we are presented with is a wonderful artificial composite; a fascinating patchwork made up of extracts from Aubrey’s notebooks, journals and letters, chronologically rearranged with consummate editorial and novelistic artfulness by Scurr. The result is haunting, memorable and, in the field of non-fiction, unprecedented.

Full TLS Books of the Year 2015 article: www.thetls.co.uk/tls/public/article1637188.ece

Also read Stuart Kelly’s in-depth review for the TLS, in which Kelly also discusses the art of biography and possible forms for biography in the digital age.

“Scurr emphasizes the fuzziness and partial nature of all biography, which emphasizes the ambiguity and unfinishedness of all life. Our actual lives are singular to ourselves; our afterlives are necessarily plural.” (Kelly, TLS)

Full article on the TLS website:
www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1637188.ece

Page 23 of 26

Powered by WordPress & Theme by Anders Norén